As we become more conscious of sustainable living, solar power has emerged as a reliable, renewable energy source. But what goes into converting sunlight into usable electricity? Here, we’ll take you through a clear, step-by-step look at how solar panels work, plus answer some frequently asked questions to help you make informed choices.
Step-by-step: How solar panels generate electricity
Sunlight strikes the solar panels
Each solar panel contains multiple photovoltaic (PV) cells that capture sunlight. These cells are specifically designed to absorb photons, the particles that make up light. When sunlight hits the PV cells, these photons transfer their energy to the atoms within the cell’s semi-conducting material, which is usually silicon.
Creating an electric field
The heart of solar energy generation lies in creating an electric field within each PV cell. Silicon, the main material in these cells, is crafted in two layers, with one layer treated to have a positive charge and the other a negative one. This combination of charges forms an electric field at the junction of the two layers.
To create this effect, silicon is doped with other elements: phosphorus is added to one layer, providing extra electrons for a negative charge, while boron is added to the other, making it positively charged. This electric field is essential, as it sets the stage for the movement of electrons, which creates electric current.
Photon energy releases electrons
When the photons in sunlight hit the PV cells, they transfer energy to the silicon’s electrons, freeing them from their atoms. These liberated electrons are then guided by the electric field, creating a flow of electricity. This flow is called direct current (DC) – a steady, one-way current of electric charge.
Capturing the electric flow
Each PV cell has conductive metal plates on the sides to gather and direct the freed electrons into connecting wires, creating an organised flow of energy. At this stage, we have raw electrical power, but there’s one more crucial step to make it useful for your home.
Converting to usable AC power
The electricity generated by solar panels is in direct current (DC) form. However, most homes and appliances run on alternating current (AC) power. To make this power usable, an inverter is connected to the system, transforming DC into AC. This final step enables the energy from your panels to power everything from your lights to your appliances.
Powering your home and storing excess energy
Once converted to AC, the energy flows through your home’s electrical system. Any excess energy can either be stored in a battery for later use, particularly useful for evening or nighttime needs, or returned to the grid, which may earn you credits on your electricity bill.
With these steps complete, your solar panels are actively contributing to a cleaner, more self-sufficient energy solution for your home.
Solar energy Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are solar panels made from?
Solar panels are primarily made up of photovoltaic cells, which use silicon as a semiconducting material to capture sunlight and produce electricity.
Do solar panels need direct sunlight to work?
While direct sunlight is ideal, solar panels can still generate electricity on cloudy days. Efficiency decreases slightly, but they continue to produce power.
Do solar panels work at night?
Solar panels require sunlight, so they do not produce energy at night. However, battery storage solutions allow you to use stored solar power after the sun sets.
What maintenance is needed for solar panels?
Maintenance for solar panels is minimal. Occasionally cleaning the surface and scheduling an annual inspection can help maintain peak performance.
How long do solar panels last?
High-quality solar panels have a lifespan of 25-30 years, with gradual efficiency reductions. Oakray ensures that all installations are done with premium materials for durability and lasting performance.
Can solar panels reduce my electricity bills?
Yes. Solar panels lower your electricity costs by generating your own power. If connected to the grid, any surplus energy fed back can result in additional savings.
Are there incentives for installing solar panels?
Government incentives, such as the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) in the UK, provide financial benefits by allowing you to sell excess energy back to the grid.
Ready to explore solar for your home?
As solar technology continues to advance, the benefits of sustainable energy are more accessible than ever. At Oakray, we offer tailored solar solutions that align with your home’s specific energy needs, enabling you to achieve energy independence and reduce your carbon footprint. Contact us today to learn how we can help you transition to solar energy and join the movement toward a greener future.
